Which barcode standards are most important in logistics?

GS1-128 and EAN-13 are the most widely used in retail and logistics. GS1-128 allows various data content such as item number, batch, or weight to be structured within a single code. For small components or pharmaceutical products, Data Matrix in accordance with the GS1 standard is also widely used.

Why does the scanner fail to read a barcode?

Common causes include poor print quality, a damaged label, an incorrect code format for the scanner being used, or unfavorable lighting conditions. Verification with a testing device helps to objectively assess print quality and narrow down the source of the error.

When is RFID better than a barcode?

RFID offers advantages when many objects need to be captured simultaneously without line of sight, or when the barcode cannot be read reliably due to dirt or obstruction. Barcodes, on the other hand, are less expensive in terms of infrastructure and are often sufficient for simpler applications. Many warehouses use both technologies in parallel.

How is barcode print quality assessed?

Barcode verification devices measure parameters such as contrast, quiet zone width, and modulation in accordance with ISO/IEC standards and assign quality grades from A (very good) to F (unreadable). Regular verification — especially after changing printers or media — helps prevent process interruptions caused by poor-quality codes.

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Barcode

Also: Strichcode, Barcode-Label, Bar Code, Strichkode, Barcodesymbol, Barcodes

AI-generated

In brief

A barcode is a machine-readable optical code that represents information as a pattern of bars and spaces or as a two-dimensional matrix. It enables the automatic identification of items, load carriers, and documents along the entire supply chain.

Key facts

Barcodes encode data optically as 1D bar patterns or 2D surface codes and are read by scanners or cameras.
GS1-128 enables the structured storage of multiple data contents — such as batch and best-before date — in a single barcode.
The print quality of a barcode can be classified into verification grades in accordance with ISO/IEC standards and should be checked regularly.
2D codes such as Data Matrix or QR codes offer higher data density and greater fault tolerance than conventional 1D codes.
Switching from 1D to 2D codes requires a thorough check of all scanning points in the warehouse for compatibility.

What is a barcode?

A barcode encodes data in an optically readable pattern that is captured and decoded by a scanner or camera. A fundamental distinction is made between one-dimensional (1D) barcodes, which encode information in the width of parallel bars, and two-dimensional (2D) codes such as QR codes or Data Matrix, which store data in a surface pattern and can accommodate significantly more characters. Both types are widely used in intralogistics; which is more suitable depends on the specific use case, the available scanner technology, and the amount of data required.

How does the barcode work in practice?

In goods receiving, picking, and shipping, barcodes are scanned to post item movements in WMS, ERP, or TMS systems. The scan triggers a unique identification and significantly reduces manual data entry errors. Typical 1D formats in logistics are EAN-13, EAN-128 (now GS1-128), and Code 39. GS1-128 allows structured information such as batch number, best-before date, or serial number to be bundled in a single code — an advantage over simpler 1D variants.

2D codes such as Data Matrix or QR codes are used primarily where a large amount of information must be accommodated in a small area, such as on small components or in pharmaceutical logistics. They are also more fault-tolerant because they contain redundancy information and can still be read even if the surface is partially damaged.

What matters when selecting and using barcodes?

When planning a barcode-based identification system, you should consider the following points:

Print quality and verification: A poorly printed or damaged barcode causes read errors and interrupts the process flow. ISO/IEC standards for code quality (verification grades A through F) provide an objective basis for assessment — print quality should therefore be checked regularly using a verification device.
Choice of standard: GS1 standards are mandatory in many industries and trading partnerships. Deviating from them can lead to incompatibilities within the network.
Scanner technology: Laser scanners read 1D codes quickly and reliably; image-based scanners (imagers) also capture 2D codes and are more flexible, but often more expensive.
Environmental conditions: Dirt, moisture, temperature fluctuations, and label quality have a significant impact on readability. Robust label solutions are required in harsh warehouse environments.
Migration and coexistence: Anyone switching from 1D to 2D must ensure that all scanning points in the warehouse can read the new codes — a migration task that is often underestimated.

Barcodes are a mature, cost-effective technology. In scenarios with very high throughput, over distance, or without line of sight, RFID is the alternative — however, the two technologies are not mutually exclusive in the warehouse and are frequently used in combination.

Frequently asked questions

A 1D barcode encodes data in the width of parallel bars and typically holds up to a few dozen characters. A 2D code such as QR or Data Matrix stores data in a surface pattern and can contain hundreds to thousands of characters. For small surfaces or high data requirements, the 2D code is therefore better suited.

Related terms

Akustische Kommissionierung
Acoustic order picking is a paperless picking method in which warehouse employees receive pick instructions via voice and confirm each step using spoken responses. Both hands remain free throughout the actual picking process.
Artikelklassifizierung
Item classification refers to the systematic categorization of items based on defined criteria such as value, turnover frequency, storage requirements, or hazardous material characteristics. It forms the foundation for differentiated warehousing, procurement, and picking processes.
Artikelnummer
The item number is an internally assigned, unique identifier that unambiguously identifies an article within the inventory management and warehouse system. It forms the basis for postings, purchase orders, and communication between purchasing, warehousing, and production.
Artikelstammdaten
Item master data refers to the permanently valid base data of an item – such as dimensions, weight, packaging units, hazardous goods classification, and best-before date relevance. It forms the foundation for all logistical, procurement-related, and system-driven processes along the supply chain.
Automatisches Kleinteilelager (AKL)
The Automated Small Parts Warehouse (AKL) is a fully automated storage system for totes, trays and small parts, in which storage and retrieval operations are performed without manual intervention by stacker cranes or shuttle systems.
Kommissionierung
Order picking is the process of assembling individual items from warehouse stock to fulfill a specific customer order — the most labor-intensive step in the warehouse.

Matching categories

Warehouse Management & Inventory Control Reduce error rate Automate warehousing Data, IT & Integration Improve Data Quality & Master Data Managing item and product data